Effectiveness of Teamwork in Virtual Teams Dissertation

Adequacy of Teamwork in Virtual Teams - Dissertation Example .56 6.2. Approaches to take care of the issue 6.2.1. Virtual group management..59 6.2.2. Leaderships.60 6.2.3. Preparing accommodated group members.63 6.2.4. Trust working among group members.64 6.2.5. Successful interchanges, for example add the recurrence of up close and personal contacts..66 6.2.6. Limit Management..69 Section 7: Case Study of Virtual Collaboration 7.1. The unique situation and challenge.72 7.2. The test of building a virtual team...73 7.3. Characterizing a convincing challenge..73 7.4. Making inclusion ...74 7.5. Overseeing performance..75 7.6. Showing responsibility .76 7.7. Group achievement and illustrative results ...77 7.8. Elements in a Global Virtual Team..78 7.9. Suggestions for virtual group pioneers ....78 Section 8: Guidelines 8.1.Guidelines...80 Section 9: Conclusions 9.1. Outlines and Conlusions...86 List of sources Section 1 Presentation 1.1. Foundation presentation 1.1.1. The starting points of collaboration A great part of the conduct of a person in an association is a statement of his place in the gathering to which he has a place. These gatherings will in general create tenacious examples in their relations to one another. Since individuals relate to their own gatherings, they may communicate genuinely uniform perspectives toward different gatherings. Now and again, very much created examples of hostility are found between gatherings, with each being disparaging of the others and guarded toward itself. Along these lines, normal irreconcilable circumstances exist even in the most admirably structured associations. The conventional structure ordinarily builds up the reason for these contentions by the manner in which it separates its work units. With the entirety of the ingenuity and understanding an administrator can apply, separation across formal units and attachment inside every one of them are the practically unavoidable results of... On the off chance that a gathering isn't incorporated, collaboration is probably going to be negligible paying little heed to endeavors to create it. Alternately, where coordination in a gathering is high, there is more noteworthy potential for the improvement of collaboration. High union is a fundamental element for the improvement of collaboration, yet not alone. With the goal for cooperation to be created, various different components are fundamental. Numerous elements work to energize the advancement of group connections. Normal participation in a specific gathering, the ownership of a typical wording, the sharing of a typical convention, regular issues concerning the current operational circumstance of the group, and basic understandings of its centrality, the ownership of basic methods and channels of correspondence, the reality of successive affiliation, and shared qualities viewing the need for functioning as a group these are on the whole factors that upgrade the improvement of cooperation. Regardless, the nearness of the above elements alone won't guarantee compelling cooperation. Also, the improvement of an intently weave group requires every part to have a casing of reference that holds onto participation and coordination as operational prerequisites. At the point when individuals act experiencing some miscommunication, it is on the grounds that they are instigated by individual, as opposed to normal, intentions or by thought processes that are inconsistent and beyond reconciliation. Then again, collaboration creates through the endeavors of people who have thought processes that require agreeable exercises for their fulfillment.

The Use of Helicopters for the Primary Purpose of Air Ambulances in Wor

Presentation In this paper we will examine the principal archived utilization of helicopters for the basic role of Air Ambulances in World War II. During 1943, the United States, British Commonwealth and the Chinese confronted the armed forces of Japan, Thailand and Indian National Army. The Burmese Independent Army began on the Japanese side, however later exchanged sides battling with the unified powers. Heavily influenced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the United States settled on a choice to help the Chinese during the war with aircraft.1 With Japan controlling a great part of the Chinese domain, the primary flexibly course for the Chinese was through the Burma Road. This gracefully course was basic to activities in the zone formed a rebuild for the manner in which supplies would be conveyed to warriors battling and patients having the option to get the critical consideration they very required. The main consistent and speedy approach to do the entirety of this would be using airplane fl ying a flexibly course known as â€Å"the Hump.†2 History Officers from all units over the world have considered how to deal with their soldiers in the midst of war. Possibly one of the most vigorously gauged contemplations is how much hazard I will take on the off chance that I can’t give my men quick clinical consideration when they most need it. Gone back similar to 1866, the possibility of a â€Å"Air Ambulance† has been on the brains of specific people over the world. Paris, France initially utilized the tourist balloons so as to clear in excess of 160 officers from the assaulted city to clinical consideration facilities.3 first and foremost, utilizing a sight-seeing balloon to save wrecked mariners appeared to be sensible since the inflatables where previously conveying mail and supplies over the zone of activities. This activity desperate... ...pter Evacuation, http://olive-drab.com/od_medical_evac_helio_ww2.php Ed Holmes, MEDEVAC Flight in WWII, http://www.helis.com/stories/burma45.php History of Air Ambulance and MEDEVAC, Mercy Flight, http://www.mercyflight.org/content/pages/medevac Guide Of Burma, BBC, Animated Map: The Burma Campaign, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/intelligent/livelinesss/wwtwo_map_burma/index_embed.shtml Imprint W. Bielauskas, Imphal, The Hump and Beyond, http://www.comcar.org/Air%20Commando%20Group/1st_air_commando_group_beginings.htm Diminish Dorland and James Nanney, DUST OFF: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam, CMH Publisher, 90-28-1, page 9 U.S. Armed force Medical Department, Call Sign †DUSTOFF â€Å"Chapter 1† http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/other_pub/dustoff/Dustoffch1.pdf World War 2 Burma, History Channel, http://www.history.co.uk/investigate history/ww2/burma.html

Valentines Day in College

Valentines Day in College Valentine’s Day in College Home›Education Posts›Valentine’s Day in College Education PostsValentine’s Day is just round the corner. This holiday is devoted to love. All sweethearts are celebrating this day which is full of romance and love. But this holiday is not only for couples. If you are single, it is the best time to find your love. There are different ways of how to celebrate this romantic holiday, especially you can find a lot of fun if you are in college. Colleges offer many interesting events on Valentine’s Day, therefore, it doesn’t matter whether you are single or coupled, this day will be full of surprises. This wonderful day brings many miracles and for sure, it is the time when all dreams come true. All people in the world are the same. We all want deep and true love, especially if remember our youth. Students are looking for love that consumes them. They want adventure, passion, and sometimes even a little danger. Being in love with someone makes you fe el alive. People can experience really true love feelings only once in their entire life. This feeling is the most powerful and intense, and every person should go through it. So, if you are in college, it is your time to find love that will bring you to life. Colleges are well-known for their parties, dances, and concerts on Valentine’s Day. It is good place to find your beloved instead of crying into the pillow and waiting that he or she will open your door and declare his/her love. Check your college calendar and you surely find on campus an event which fits you. This holiday joins hearts. If you will be involved in celebration of Valentine’s Day in college, you definitely find a person who has waited for you all their life. However, carried away with amazing feelings, you can forget about your necessary tasks, but don’t be hysterical since there is a way out â€" qualitycustomessays.com   contact it in case of problems.Be calm and this wonderful Valentine’s Day will bring you a lot of happiness and joy. There is no doubt, love matters and you know it!

The Meaning of Bimodal in Statistics

A data set is bimodal if it has two modes. This means that there is not a single data value that occurs with the highest frequency.  Instead, there are two data values that tie for having the highest frequency. Example of a Bimodal Data Set To help to make sense of this definition, we will look at an example of a set with one mode, and then contrast this with a bimodal data set. Suppose we have the following set of data: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10 We count the frequency of each number in the set of data: 1 occurs in the set three times2 occurs in the set four times3 occurs in the set one time4 occurs in the set one time5 occurs in the set two times6 occurs in the set three times7 occurs in the set three times8 occurs in the set one time9 occurs in the set zero times10 occurs in the set two times Here we see that 2 occurs most often, and so it is the mode of the data set.   We contrast this example to the following 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 We count the frequency of each number in the set of data: 1 occurs in the set three times2 occurs in the set four times3 occurs in the set one time4 occurs in the set one time5 occurs in the set two times6 occurs in the set three times7 occurs in the set five times8 occurs in the set one time9 occurs in the set zero times10 occurs in the set five times Here 7 and 10 occur five times. This is higher than any of the other data values. Thus we say that the data set is bimodal, meaning that it has two modes. Any example of a bimodal dataset will be similar to this. Implications of a Bimodal Distribution The mode is one way to measure the center of a set of data. Sometimes the average value of a variable is the one that occurs most often.  For this reason, it is important to see if a data set is bimodal. Instead of a single mode, we would have two. One major implication of a bimodal data set is that it can reveal to us that there are two different types of individuals represented in a data set. A histogram of a bimodal data set will exhibit two peaks or humps. For example, a histogram of test scores that are bimodal will have two peaks. These peaks will correspond to where the highest frequency of students scored. If there are two modes, then this could show that there are two types of students: those who were prepared for the test and those who were not prepared.

Time Expression Quiz

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions Free Essays

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions Cathy Perry Psy 300 September 27, 2010 Tara Terry Ph. D. Select a famous individual from the 20th or 21st centuries: Maya Angelou (born as Marguerite Ann Johnson). We will write a custom essay sample on Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conduct research concerning the background of your selected individual to determine what forces have impacted his or her life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. 1. Discuss the influences of heredity and environment (including family and social support) on your individual’s psychological development. Be sure to describe specific areas of psychological development (moral, emotional, etc. . (300-500 words). Maya Angelou was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1928. At the age of three, she and her brother, Bailey, moved to Stamps, Arkansas to live with their paternal grandmother when their parents divorced. Throughout her childhood she struggled with feelings of displacement due to her early separation from her parents (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). She developed self-esteem problems because of her large frame and nappy hair and was not considered pretty; also, racism’s messages of southern black females being inferior and that they lacked control of their future. The grandmother raised them in a strict sheltered environment around church, school, and her store. The fear of being terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan was always upon Maya. After five years of minimal contact with either parent, the father returned and took them to their mother in St. Louis. This household consisted of their mother, maternal grandmother, and two uncles, but they rarely saw their mother. Maya disliked the city’s loud noises and constant commotions, so she escaped through reading. Moving back to St. Louis was unsettling to both children. Maya began having nightmares and Bailey began to stutter (Pettit, 1996). Later that year, their mother moved them in with her and her boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. One night, while their mother was working, Mr. Freeman made Bailey leave the house and he raped Maya; she was only eight years old. He threatened Maya that if she told anyone he would kill Bailey. Maya’s mother thought she was ill but discovered the blood stained underwear when changing sheets. At the hospital Bailey convinced her to tell who had done this. Mr. Freeman was arrested and Maya testified at the trial. He was released early before finishing out his sentence and was later found beaten to death. Maya stopped speaking to everyone except Bailey, and kept silent for five years. She felt guilty that Mr. Freeman’s death was her fault and she feared if she spoke about anyone else, that they would die too. The children were sent back to Stamps which Maya felt was her fault since the family could not tolerate her silence and slow recovery. One male relative even physically punished her for not speaking. The grandmother in Stamps had a friend of hers, Bertha Flowers, speak to Maya. Ms. Flowers was instrumental in bringing Maya back from the darkness. She slowly helped Maya transform from the mute with no self-worth to a speaking young woman with self-esteem and academic success (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, Long,  2008). After graduating the eighth grade, Maya and Bailey were sent to live with their mother in California. That summer Maya went to visit her father, but left early when his girlfriend began to fight her. Maya had been stabbed and stayed with her father’s friends. When she returned to her mother, she got a job instead of going back to school. After six months of working, she went back to school, but found that other girls her age were more developed physically and she felt unfeminine. To prove she was normal she decided to have sex, but didn’t prove anything; except she became pregnant. She graduated high school and a month later gave birth to her son Clyde. 2. Select two different theories of personality and apply them to your selected figure, and answer the following question: How does each theory explain the individual’s unique patterns or traits? (500-700 words). The Psychodynamic theory can be applied to Maya Angelou in several areas. One of these areas was the continuous moves from parents to grandparents throughout her childhood. The consistency she had as a child was her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya and her brother had love, stability and the meaning of family while they lived with her. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2009), Disrupted attachments are associated with severe personality disturbances, depression, antisocial behavior and adjustment problems†¦, and childhood experiences such as parental neglect or even parental divorce cause more vulnerability to adult nsecurities. Psychodynamic theorists state that depressive behaviors have various causes, one of which would be a parental attachment history influencing problems and fears of rejection and or abandonment. Both Maya and her brother had problems dealing with the thoughts of abandonment. Maya thought it was better to think of them being dead than to imagine having parents that did not want their children (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Maya w as a rape victim at a very early age that traumatized her into speechlessness for five years. The fact that she was only eight years old is enough reason for her to have trust issues. According to Mongeau-Marshall, (1994) Maya trusted Mr. Freeman and felt him to be a father figure. After his death, she stopped talking to everyone but her brother, which in a psychodynamic theory viewpoint the psychological thought processes caused her to think that she caused his death. If she spoke about anyone ever again, the same tragic thing would happen. She could not endure the thought of being responsible for that. According to Kowalski ; Westen, (2009), â€Å"Compromise formations is a single behavior or a complex pattern of thought and action, typically reflects compromises among multiple and often conflicting forces† (p. 421). Maya did not talk for five years, but she did talk to her brother and would talk to herself when reading. When Bailey convinced her to tell him who raped her, he had also convinced her that no one could harm him so it would be okay to tell him. Maya compromised her thoughts by the love of her brother. She needed his companionship and acceptance at this crucial time in her life. She did not want to speak, but found it was necessary to speak to Bailey. In another time of her life, during high school, she believed she was not woman enough because her body was not as sexually developed as her peers. She decided to have sex to prove that she was â€Å"woman enough† so she rationalized. Rationalization, according to Kowalski ; Westen, is a defense when a person tries to explain away actions in a seemingly logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings, especially guilt or shame (p. 26). Maya was ashamed of the fact that she was not as developed as her female classmates and wanted the acceptance that she desired, not just from others, but from herself. The Cognitive-Social theory accentuates the tasks of a person’s thought processes and their social learning in behavior and personality. Maya’s grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas had the most positive role in her life; givin g her love, stability, encouragement, and education. She was able to learn from this grandmother that things do exist in life. She was able to draw personal strength, even at a young age, from the things she learned and observed from this grandmother. Her behavior-outcome expectancies were her beliefs that this way of life would continue if she thought her parents were dead. As long as they were dead, living in Stamps would continue and family turmoil would be no more. Maya’s competences were lacking in self-esteem and admiration of who she was and what she was. She dreamed of being a white blue-eyed girl with long blonde hair having all the beautiful clothes and expensive things that white people had. She believed that one day she would wake up from her â€Å"blackness† and be this person (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Self-regulation was apparently nonexistent when she was a young girl, but as she became a young woman, she wasn’t just the first Black woman to be a cable car conductor, she was the first Black person to be cable car conductor in San Francisco. She accomplished this by harrying the Negro support organizations to help her get the job, and waiting for hours to be interviewed at the cable car offices (Pettit, 1996). 3. Explain which theoretical approach best explains the individual’s behaviors and achievements. Make sure to explain why this is true. (100-200 words). The Psychodynamic theory is probably the best approach that relates to Maya Angelou. Her entire childhood is riddled with abandonment, child abuse, ridicule, and depression. Ms. Angelou had troubled relationships throughout her life, including three failed marriages. She only bore one child, whom she felt she abandoned when she went to Europe on the tour with Porgy and Bess (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, Long, 2008). This theoretical approach deals with Ms. Angelou’s horrendous childhood, adolescent, and young adult life. She dabbled in drugs, prostitution, and rich men. Through her life journeys, however, she has become one of the most prominent Black female poet, author, actress, humanist, and speaker that has walked upon this earth. She was friends with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Malcolm X, W. E. B. Dubois, among many other famous people. Maya Angelou developed a tough outer character from all the hardships she endured, but she shares with the public in order for them to learn from her past and to think about their future. References Gillespie, M. A. , Johnson-Butler, R. , Long, R. A. (2008). Maya Angelou: A glorious celebration. New York, New York: Doubleday. Kowalski, R. , Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Mongeau-Marshall, C. (1994). The masks of Maya Angelou: Discovered, discarded, and designed. Retrieved from ProQuest: ProQuest Dissertations Theses database. Pettit, J. (1996). Maya Angelou: Journey of the heart. New York, New York: Lodestar Books. How to cite Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions, Essays

Epistemology Jaggar Essay Example For Students

Epistemology: Jaggar Essay Epistemology: Jaggar Philosophy has been around since 600 BC and is still being studied today. In Ancient Greek, to now, philosophy means love of wisdom but can be defined as the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, truth, nature and meaning of life, especially when considered as an academic discipline. Philosophy is actually divided into smaller sub-fields such as epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and justified beliefs; it questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired. This ield focuses on the nature of knowledge and how it relates to connected notions such as truth, belief, and Justification. One feminist epistemologist, Alison M. Jaggar, argues that reason and emotion must be seen as interrelated and interdependent and that feelings play an essential role in attaining knowledge Oaggar, pg. 188), in the article, Love and Knowledge: Emotions in Feminist Epistemology. Jaggar believes that emotions play a large part in the way we process knowledge, that she calls outlaw emotions. We will write a custom essay on Epistemology: Jaggar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In this paper, I will argue how emotions, or outlaw emotions, play role in that we process knowledge. Outlaw emotions are conventionally unacceptable emotions Oaggar, 194) emotional responses that do not follow or support the values. Those who experience outlaw emotions are often subordinated individuals who pay a disproportionately high price for maintaining the status quo. For instance, people of color are more likely to experience anger than amusement when a racist Joke is recounted, and women subjected to male sexual banter are less likely to be flattered than uncomfortable or even afraid Oaggar, 194). Outlaw emotions are usually a negative response to values that can help identify which biases are causing errors in methods of seeking knowledge. Jaggar believes that knowledge is gained through our different emotions. She believes that emotions are the most direct thing we have in gaining knowledge. Emotions are especially associated with unreasonable behavior and more often in females. Jagger argues that emotions are important in decision making and acquiring knowledge. By this, Jaggar means that emotions are important tools to knowledge. Emotions are answers in to finding some meanings in life. She also argues that the idea of dispassionate investigation does not exist Oaggar, 193). Many people are unaware of their emotions but this does not mean that emotions are not present. Emotions tend to change reality and therefore change ones observation of situations and experiences. The theory allows that emotion contributes greatly to knowledge. Overall, Jaggar makes the statement that emotions are not a disadvantage to knowledge, but should be a way to develop knowledge in different ways. I agree with Alison Jaggar in that emotions are the way in which one acquires knowledge. Many women are seen as dramatic, irrational, and over emotional. Women appear to be more emotional than men because they, along with some groups of people of color, are permitted and even required to express emotion because they like to express their feelings. I believe that emotions are the way a person goes about obtaining knowledge. For example, if a student does not feel like attending class, they are missing out on knowledge that could be applied later in life. If one feels a certain way, or reacts to a certain situation in a harsh manner, they may withdraw knowledge that could have been absorbed. Emotions tell a person when to act certain. For example, if a child remembers the pain they felt when experiencing a painful event, they will more than likely be cautious of putting themselves in that situation again. Those who may object or disagree with me are the dominant group- white men. laggar states that A woman may cry in the face of disaster, and a man of color may gesticulate, but a white man merely sets his Jaw. White mens control of their emotional expression may go to the extremes of expressing their emotions, failing to develop emotionally, or even losing the capacity to experience many emotions Oaggar, 192). .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 , .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .postImageUrl , .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 , .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0:hover , .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0:visited , .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0:active { border:0!important; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0:active , .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0 .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b516caeca1e760b0a7e7305d6d493f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Edward Gein EssayThis means that white men tend to control their emotions, hide it, and not express them at any time. This leads them to not being able to identify what they are feeling; surprisingly, even at funerals. When being made fun of, these men tend to feel happiness rather than embarrassment. These men may also feel resentment rather than gratitude for welfare payments and hand-me- owns, may be attracted to forbidden modes of sexual expression, and may feel revulsion for socially sanctioned ways of treating children or animals dagger, 193). In other word, white men tend to not really care or like to express their feelings too often; they do not want to be seen emotional. Conventionally unacceptable emotions are known as outlaw emotions. Outlaw emotions are distinguished by their fallacy with the dominant perception and values, which are potentially feminist emotions. These emotions become feminist when they join the females opinions and values. These emotions, outlaw emotions, which are experience, play a part in the way knowledge is processed. Jaggar believes that knowledge is gained through our emotions. She believes that emotions are what we have for gaining knowledge and Judging situations. This, I agree with her because, to gain knowledge, we need to be able to express ourselves and see how we are feeling about a particular thing. When the emotion is express, we learn what makes us emotional and may learn how to control it by that. Overall, outlaw emotions are what leads to knowledge and the meaning of life.

Beowulf Essays (557 words) - Beowulf, Geats, Anglo-Saxon Paganism

Beowulf A hero is a person of distinguished courage who has outstanding qualities and abilities, who is admired for these having these aspects of their character and also admired for brave and noble acts. An Anglo-Saxon hero is a person who has good leadership qualities, is able and willing to provide people with a sense of security, and is willing to go into danger despite possible harm to themselves. These Anglo-Saxon heroes usually were kings or thanes because they distinguished themselves above others by doing a good for the greater of everyone. This person has to be willing to put their own lives on the line for the benefit of others. There are several heroic characteristics, all of which Beowulf possesses. First of these characteristics is honor. Honor is showing a sense of integrity in one's actions. When Beowulf went to the land of the Danes to kill Grendel, he did it not because he wanted money, but because he wanted to help out the Geats. Beowulf felt as if it was the right thing to do since he had been successful in past deeds which he proudly says in lines 321-322, where he says ?They had in remembrance my courage and might. Many had seen me come safe from the conflict,?. Beowulf expected no reward for his action, but rather just being able to ?put another notch in his belt.? Another heroic characteristic, which Beowulf possesses, is bravery. Bravery is being able to go against the odds and possibly risk your life in the process. An example of Beowulf showing bravery is when he goes to slay the dragon even though all his men abandon him. He realizes that the dragon is more powerful than he is, but he will still not back down. In line 1493, he says ?Not one foot's space will I flee from the monster,? thus showing his true bravery by not giving up to the more powerful foe. One more heroic characteristic of Beowulf is his strong sense of duty. This means that he is always devoted to his people, his king, and their security. An example of this is again when he goes to slay the dragon. He has no help, he realizes that the dragon is more powerful, and most importantly, he realizes that he will probably not be returning victorious from this battle. In other words, he will die. In lines 1470-1474, it says ?Sad was his spirit, restless and ready, And the march of Fate immeasurably near; Fate that would strike, seek his soul's treasure, And deal asunder the spirit and flesh. Not long was his life encased in the body!? This basically means that Fate was soon to run its course and he would loose his life in battle. He had to and did go along with this because he was the king and it was his responsibility to provide security for his people. Even though it was his responsibility, he didn't have to do it; he could have run away like others may have. Overall, a hero is a person with distinguished qualities who goes against adversity to commit good deeds despite what could happen to them. A hero is a person who does things out of honor, bravery, and duty, not for rewards. Beowulf encompasses all of these qualities. English Essays

Daniel Boone; a History

Daniel Boone; a History Free Online Research Papers Youth: Daniel Boone was born on October 22, 1734. Because the Gregorian calendar was adopted during Boones lifetime, his birth date is sometimes given as November 2, 1734 (the New Style date), although Boone used the October date.[4] He was the sixth of eleven children in a family of Quakers. His father, Squire Boone, Sr. (1696–1765), had immigrated to Pennsylvania from the small town of Bradninch, Devon, England in 1713. Squire Boones parents George and Mary Boone followed their son to Pennsylvania in 1717. In 1720, Squire, who worked primarily as a weaver and a blacksmith, married Sarah Morgan (1700–1777), whose family members were Quakers from Wales, and settled in Towamencin Township, Pennsylvania in 1708. In 1731, the Boones built a log cabin in the Oley Valley, now the Daniel Boone Homestead in Berks County, Pennsylvania, where Daniel was born.[citation needed] His other siblings were Edward, Elizabeth, George, Hannah, Israel, Johnathan, Samuel, and Sarah Boone. Daniel Boone spent his early years on what was then the western edge of the Pennsylvania frontier. There were a number of American Indian villages nearby. The pacifist Pennsylvania Quakers generally had good relations with the Indians, but the steady growth of the white population compelled many Indians to relocate further west. Boone received his first rifle at age 12 and picked up hunting skills from local whites and Indians, beginning his lifelong love of hunting. Folk tales often emphasized Boones skills as a hunter. In one story, the young Boone was hunting in the woods with some other boys, when the scream of a panther scattered the boys, except for Boone. He calmly cocked his squirrel gun and shot the animal through the heart just as it leaped at him. As with so many tales about Boone, the story may or may not be true, but it was told so often that it became part of the popular image of the man. [5] In Boones youth, his family became a source of controversy in the local Quaker community that existed in what is now present day Lower Gwynedd Township, Pennsylvania. In 1742, Boones parents were compelled to publicly apologize after their eldest child Sarah married John Wilcoxson, a worldling (non-Quaker), while she was visibly pregnant. When Boones oldest brother Israel also married a worldling in 1747, Squire Boone stood by his son and was therefore expelled from the Quakers, although his wife continued to attend monthly meetings with her children. Perhaps as a result of this controversy, in 1750 Squire sold his land and moved the family to North Carolina. Daniel Boone did not attend church again, although he considered himself a Christian and had all of his children baptized. The Boones eventually settled on the Yadkin River, in what is now Davie County, North Carolina, about two miles (3 km) west of Mocksville.[6] Because he spent so much time hunting in his youth, Boone received little formal education. According to one family tradition, a schoolteacher once expressed concern over Boones education, but Boones father was unconcerned, saying let the girls do the spelling and Dan will do the shooting†¦. Boone received some tutoring from family members, though his spelling remained unorthodox. Historian John Mack Faragher cautions that the folk image of Boone as semiliterate is misleading, however, arguing that Boone acquired a level of literacy that was the equal of most men of his times. Boone regularly took reading material with him on his hunting expeditions- the Bible and Gullivers Travels were favorites- and he was often the only literate person in groups of frontiersmen. Boone would sometimes entertain his hunting companions by reading to them around the evening campfire.[7] Hunter, husband, and soldier: As a young man, Boone served with the British military during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), a struggle for control of the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. In 1755, he was a wagon driver in General Edward Braddocks attempt to drive the French out of the Ohio Country, which ended in disaster at the Battle of the Monongahela. Boone returned home after the defeat, and on August 14, 1756, he married Rebecca Bryan, a neighbor in the Yadkin Valley. The couple initially lived in a cabin on his fathers farm. They eventually had ten children.[citation needed] In 1759, a conflict erupted between British colonists and Cherokee Indians, their former allies in the French and Indian War. After the Yadkin Valley was raided by Cherokees, many families, including the Boones, fled to Culpeper County, Virginia. Boone served in the North Carolina militia during this Cherokee Uprising, and his hunting expeditions deep into Cherokee territory beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains separated him from his wife for about two years. According to one story, Boone was gone for so long that Rebecca assumed he was dead, and began a relationship with his brother Edward (Ned), giving birth to daughter Jemima in 1762. Upon his return, the story goes, his wife reproved him saying, Youd had better have stayed home and got it yourself. Boone was understanding and did not blame Rebecca. Whatever the truth of the tale, Boone raised Jemima as his own and favorite child. Boones early biographers knew this story, but did not publish it.[8] Boones chosen profession also made for long absences from home. He supported his growing family in these years as a market hunter. Almost every autumn, Boone would go on long hunts, which were extended expeditions into the wilderness, lasting weeks or months. Boone would go on long hunts alone or with a small group of men, accumulating hundreds of deer skins in the autumn, and then trapping beaver and otter over the winter. The long hunters would return in the spring and sell their take to commercial fur traders. In this business, buckskins came to be known as bucks, which is the origin of the American slang term for dollar.[10] Frontiersmen often carved messages on trees or wrote their names on cave walls, and Boones name or initials have been found in many places. One of the best-known inscriptions was carved into a tree in present Washington County, Tennessee which reads D. Boon Cilled a. Bar [killed a bear] on [this] tree in the year 1760. A similar carving is preserved in the museum of the Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky, which reads D. Boon Kilt a Bar, 1803. However, because Boone spelled his name with the final e, and the inconsistency of an 1803 date east of the Mississippi after Boone moved to Missouri in 1799, these particular inscriptions may be forgeries, part of a long tradition of phony Boone relics.[11] In 1762 Boone and his wife and four children moved back to the Yadkin Valley from Culpeper. By mid-1760s, with peace made with the Cherokees, immigration into the area increased, and Boone began to look for a new place to settle, as competition decreased the amount of game available for hunting. This meant that Boone had difficulty making ends meet; he was often taken to court for nonpayment of debts, and he sold what land he owned to pay off creditors. After his fathers death in 1765, Boone traveled with his brother Squire and a group of men to Florida, which had become British territory after the end of the war, to look into the possibility of settling there. According to a family story, Boone purchased land in Pensacola, but Rebecca refused to move so far away from friends and family. The Boones instead moved to a more remote area of the Yadkin Valley, and Boone began to hunt westward into the Blue Ridge Mountains. [12] Kentucky: Boone first reached Kentucky in the fall of 1767 while on a long hunt with his brother Squire Boone, Jr. While on the Braddock expedition years earlier, Boone had heard about the fertile land and abundant game of Kentucky from fellow wagoner John Findley, who had visited Kentucky to trade with American Indians. Boone and Findley happened to meet again, and Findley encouraged Boone with more tales of Kentucky. At the same time, news had arrived about the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, in which the Iroquois had ceded their claim to Kentucky to the British. This, as well as the unrest in North Carolina due to the Regulator movement, likely prompted Boone to extend his exploration.[13] On May 1, 1769, Boone began a two-year hunting expedition in Kentucky. On December 22, 1769, he and a fellow hunter were captured by a party of Shawnees, who confiscated all of their skins and told them to leave and never return. The Shawnees had not signed the Stanwix treaty, and since they regarded Kentucky as their hunting ground, they considered white hunters there to be poachers. Boone, however, continued hunting and exploring Kentucky until his return to North Carolina in 1771, and returned to hunt there again in the autumn of 1772. On September 25, 1773, Boone packed up his family and, with a group of about 50 emigrants, began the first attempt by British colonists to establish a settlement in Kentucky. Boone was still an obscure hunter and trapper at the time; the most prominent member of the expedition was William Russell, a well-known Virginian and future brother-in-law of Patrick Henry. On October 9, Boones eldest son James and a small group of men and boys who had left the main party to retrieve supplies were attacked by a band of Delawares, Shawnees, and Cherokees. Following the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, American Indians in the region had been debating what to do about the influx of settlers. This group had decided, in the words of historian John Mack Faragher, to send a message of their opposition to settlement†¦. James Boone and William Russells son Henry were captured and gruesomely tortured to death. The brutality of the killings sent shock waves along the frontier, and Boones party abandoned its e xpedition. The massacre was one of the first events in what became known as Dunmores War, a struggle between Virginia and, primarily, Shawnees of the Ohio Country for control of what is now West Virginia and Kentucky. In the summer of 1774, Boone volunteered to travel with a companion to Kentucky to notify surveyors there about the outbreak of war. The two men journeyed more than 800 miles (1,300 km) in two months in order to warn those who had not already fled the region. Upon his return to Virginia, Boone helped defend colonial settlements along the Clinch River, earning a promotion to captain in the militia as well as acclaim from fellow citizens. After the brief war, which ended soon after Virginias victory in the Battle of Point Pleasant in October 1774, Shawnees relinquished their claims to Kentucky.[15] Following Dunmores War, Richard Henderson, a prominent judge from North Carolina, hired Boone to travel to the Cherokee towns in present North Carolina and Tennessee and inform them of an upcoming meeting. In the 1775 treaty, Henderson purchased the Cherokee claim to Kentucky in order to establish a colony called Transylvania. Afterwards, Henderson hired Boone to blaze what became known as the Wilderness Road, which went through the Cumberland Gap and into central Kentucky. Along with a party of about thirty workers, Boone marked a path to the Kentucky River, where he established Boonesborough. Other settlements, notably Harrodsburg, were also established at this time. Despite occasional Indian attacks, Boone returned to the Clinch Valley and brought his family and other settlers to Boonesborough on September 8, 1775.[16] American Revolution: Violence in Kentucky increased with the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Native Americans who were unhappy about the loss of Kentucky in treaties saw the war as a chance to drive out the colonists. Isolated settlers and hunters became the frequent target of attacks, convincing many to abandon Kentucky. By late spring of 1776, fewer than 200 colonists remained in Kentucky, primarily at the fortified settlements of Boonesborough, Harrodsburg, and Logans Station.[17] On July 14, 1776, Boones daughter Jemima and two other teenage girls were captured outside Boonesborough by an Indian war party, who carried the girls north towards the Shawnee towns in the Ohio country. Boone and a group of men from Boonesborough followed in pursuit, finally catching up with them two days later. Boone and his men ambushed the Indians while they were stopped for a meal, rescuing the girls and driving off their captors. The incident became the most celebrated event of Boones life. James Fenimore Cooper created a fictionalized version of the episode in his classic book The Last of the Mohicans (1826).[18] In 1777, Henry Hamilton, a British Lieutenant Governor of Canada, began to recruit American Indian war parties to raid the Kentucky settlements. On April 24, Shawnees led by Chief Blackfish attacked Boonesborough. A bullet struck Boones leg, shattering his kneecap, but he was carried back inside the fort amid a flurry of bullets by Simon Kenton, a recent arrival at Boonesborough. Kenton became Boones close friend as well as a legendary frontiersman in his own right.[citation needed] While Boone recovered, Shawnees kept up their attacks outside Boonesborough, destroying the surrounding cattle and crops. With the food supply running low, the settlers needed salt to preserve what meat they had, and so in January 1778 Boone led a party of thirty men to the salt springs on the Licking River. On February 7, 1778, when Boone was hunting meat for the expedition, he was surprised and captured by warriors led by Chief Blackfish of the Chilicothe Shawnee. Because Boones party was greatly outnumbered, he convinced his men to surrender rather than put up a fight.[citation needed] Blackfish wanted to continue to Boonesborough and capture it, since it was now poorly defended, but Boone convinced him that the women and children were not hardy enough to survive a winter trek. Instead, Boone promised that Boonesborough would surrender willingly to the Shawnees the following spring. Boone did not have an opportunity to tell his men that he was bluffing in order to prevent an immediate attack on Boonesborough, however. Boone pursued this strategy so convincingly that many of his men concluded that he had switched his loyalty to the British.[citation needed] Boone and his men were taken to Blackfishs town of Chillicothe where they were made to run the gauntlet. As was their custom, the Shawnees adopted some of the prisoners into the tribe to replace fallen warriors; the remainder were taken to Hamilton in Detroit. Boone was adopted into a Shawnee family at Chillicothe, perhaps into the family of Chief Blackfish himself, and given the name Sheltowee (Big Turtle). On June 16, 1778, when he learned that Blackfish was about to return to Boonesborough with a large force, Boone eluded his captors and raced home, covering the 160 miles (260 km) to Boonesborough in five days on horseback and, after his horse gave out, on foot.[19] During Boones absence, his wife and children (except for Jemima) had returned to North Carolina, fearing that he was dead. Upon his return to Boonesborough, some of the men expressed doubts about Boones loyalty, since after surrendering the salt making party he had apparently lived quite happily among the Shawnees for months. Boone responded by leading a preemptive raid against the Shawnees across the Ohio River, and then by helping to successfully defend Boonesborough against a 10-day siege led by Blackfish, which began on September 7, 1778. After the siege, Captain Benjamin Logan and Colonel Richard Callaway- both of whom had nephews who were still captives surrendered by Boone- brought charges against Boone for his recent activities. In the court-martial that followed, Boone was found not guilty and was even promoted after the court heard his testimony. Despite this vindication, Boone was humiliated by the court-martial, and he rarely spoke of it.[20] After the trial, Boone returned to North Carolina in order to bring his family back to Kentucky. In the autumn of 1779, a large party of emigrants came with him, including (according to tradition) the family of Abraham Lincolns grandfather.[21] Rather than remain in Boonesborough, Boone founded the nearby settlement of Boones Station. Boone began earning money at this time by locating good land for other settlers. Transylvania land claims had been invalidated after Virginia created Kentucky County, and so settlers needed to file new land claims with Virginia. In 1780, Boone collected about $20,000 in cash from various settlers and traveled to Williamsburg to purchase their land warrants. While he was sleeping in a tavern during the trip, the cash was stolen from his room. Some of the settlers forgave Boone the loss; others insisted that he repay the stolen money, which took him several years to do. A popular image of Boone which emerged in later years is that of the backwoodsman who had little affinity for civilized society, moving away from places like Boonesborough when they became too crowded. In reality, however, Boone was a leading citizen of Kentucky at this time. When Kentucky was divided into three Virginia counties in November 1780, Boone was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Fayette County militia. In April 1781, Boone was elected as a representative to the Virginia General Assembly, which was held in Richmond. In 1782, he was elected sheriff of Fayette County.[22] Meanwhile, the American Revolutionary War continued. Boone joined General George Rogers Clarks invasion of the Ohio country in 1780, fighting in the Battle of Piqua on August 7. In October, when Boone was hunting with his brother Ned, Shawnees shot and killed Ned. Apparently thinking that they had killed Daniel Boone, the Shawnees beheaded Ned and took the head home as a trophy. In 1781, Boone traveled to Richmond to take his seat in the legislature, but British dragoons under Banastre Tarleton captured Boone and several other legislators near Charlottesville. The British released Boone on parole several days later. During Boones term, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781, but the fighting continued in Kentucky unabated. Boone returned to Kentucky and in August 1782 fought in the Battle of Blue Licks, in which his son Israel was killed. In November 1782, Boone took part in another Clark expedition into Ohio, the last major campaign of the war. Businessman on the Ohio: After the Revolution, Boone resettled in Limestone (renamed Maysville, Kentucky in 1786), then a booming Ohio River port. In 1787, he was elected to the Virginia state assembly as a representative from Bourbon County. In Maysville, he kept a tavern and worked as a surveyor, horse trader, and land speculator. He was initially prosperous, owning seven slaves by 1787, a relatively large number for Kentucky at the time, which was dominated by small farms rather than large plantations. Boone became something of a celebrity while living in Maysville: in 1784, on Boones 50th birthday, historian John Filson published The Discovery, Settlement And present State of Kentucke, a book which included a chronicle of Boones adventures.[23] Although the Revolutionary War had ended, the border war with American Indians north of the Ohio River soon resumed. In September 1786, Boone took part in a military expedition into the Ohio Country led by Benjamin Logan. Back in Limestone, Boone housed and fed Shawnees who were captured during the raid and helped to negotiate a truce and prisoner exchange. Although the Northwest Indian War escalated and would not end until the American victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, the 1786 expedition was the last time Boone saw military action.[24] Boone began to have financial troubles while living in Maysville. According to the later folk image, Boone the trailblazer was too unsophisticated for the civilization which followed him and which eventually defrauded him of his land. Boone was not the simple frontiersman of legend, however: he engaged in land speculation on a large scale, buying and selling claims to tens of thousands of acres. The land market in frontier Kentucky was chaotic, and Boones ventures ultimately failed because his investment strategy was faulty and because his sense of honor made him reluctant to profit at someone elses expense. According to Faragher, Boone lacked the ruthless instincts that speculation demanded.[25] Frustrated with the legal hassles that went with land speculation, in 1788 Boone moved upriver to Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia). There he operated a trading post and occasionally worked as a surveyors assistant. When Virginia created Kanawha County in 1789, Boone was appointed lieutenant colonel of the county militia. In 1791, he was elected to the Virginia legislature for the third time. He contracted to provide supplies for the Kanawha militia, but his debts prevented him from buying goods on credit, and so he closed his store and returned to hunting and trapping. In 1795, he and Rebecca moved back to Kentucky, living in present Nicholas County on land owned by their son Daniel Morgan Boone. The next year, Boone applied to Isaac Shelby, the first governor of the new state of Kentucky, for a contract to widen the Wilderness Road into a wagon route, but the governor did not respond and the contract was awarded to someone else. Meanwhile, lawsuits over conflicting land claims continued to make their way through the Kentucky courts. Boones remaining land claims were sold off to pay legal fees and taxes, but he no longer paid attention to the process. In 1798, a warrant was issued for Boones arrest after he ignored a summons to testify in a court case, although the sheriff never found him. That same year Kentucky named Boone County in his honor. Missouri: In 1799, Boone moved out of the United States to Missouri, which was then part of Spanish Louisiana. The Spanish, eager to promote settlement in the sparsely populated region, did not enforce the legal requirement that all immigrants had to be Catholics. Boone, looking to make a fresh start, emigrated with much of his extended family to what is now St. Charles County. The Spanish governor appointed Boone syndic (judge and jury) and commandant (military leader) of the Femme Osage district. The many anecdotes of Boones tenure as syndic suggest that he sought to render fair judgments rather than to strictly observe the letter of the law. Boone served as syndic and commandant until 1804, when Missouri became part of the United States following the Louisiana Purchase. Because Boones land grants from the Spanish government had been largely based on verbal agreements, he once again lost his land claims. In 1809, he petitioned Congress to restore his Spanish land claims, which was finally done in 1814. Boone sold most of this land to repay old Kentucky debts. When the War of 1812 came to Missouri, Boones sons Daniel Morgan Boone and Nathan Boone took part, but by that time Boone was too old for militia duty. Boone spent his final years in Missouri, often in the company of children and grandchildren. He hunted and trapped as often as his failing health allowed. According to one story, in 1810 or later Boone went with a group on a long hunt as far west as the Yellowstone River, a remarkable journey at his age, if true. Other stories of Boone around this time have him making one last visit to Kentucky in order to pay off his creditors, although some or all of these tales may be folklore. American painter John James Audubon claimed to have gone hunting with Boone in the woods of Kentucky around 1810. Years later, Audubon painted a portrait of Boone, supposedly from memory, although skeptics have noted the similarity of this painting to the well-known portraits by Chester Harding. Boones family insisted that he never returned to Kentucky after 1799, although some historians believe that Boone visited his brother Squire near Kentucky in 1810 and have therefore reported Audubons story as factua l.[26] Boone died on September 26, 1820, at Nathan Boones home on Femme Osage Creek. His last words were, Im going now. My time has come. He was buried next to Rebecca, who had died on March 18, 1813. The graves, which were unmarked until the mid-1830s, were near Jemima (Boone) Callaways home on Tuque Creek, about two miles (3 km) from present day Marthasville, Missouri. In 1845, the Boones remains were disinterred and reburied in a new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky. Resentment in Missouri about the disinterment grew over the years, and a legend arose that Boones remains never left Missouri. According to this story, Boones tombstone in Missouri had been inadvertently placed over the wrong grave, but no one had corrected the error. Boones Missouri relatives, displeased with the Kentuckians who came to exhume Boone, kept quiet about the mistake and allowed the Kentuckians to dig up the wrong remains. There is no contemporary evidence that this actually happened, but in 1983, a forensic anth ropologist examined a crude plaster cast of Boones skull made before the Kentucky reburial and announced that it might be the skull of an African American. Black slaves were also buried at Tuque Creek, so it is possible that the wrong remains were mistakenly removed from the crowded graveyard. Both the Frankfort Cemetery in Kentucky and the Old Bryan Farm graveyard in Missouri claim to have Boones remains.[27] According to The Boone Family book by Hazel Atterbury Spraker (1982), Danielwas buried near the body of his wife, in a cemetery established in 1803 by David Bryan, upon the bank of a small stream called Teuque Creek about one and one-half miles southeast of the present site of the town of Marthasville in Warren County, Missouri, it being at that time the only Protestant cemetery North of the Missouri River. {page 578} edit Cultural legacy: Daniel Boone remains an iconic figure in American history, although his status as an early American folk hero and later as a subject of fiction has tended to obscure the actual details of his life. The general public remembers him as a hunter, pioneer, and Indian-fighter, even if they are uncertain when he lived or exactly what he did. Many places in the United States are named for him, including the Daniel Boone National Forest, the Sheltowee Trace Trail, and six counties: Boone County, Illinois, Boone County, Indiana, Boone County, Nebraska, Boone County, West Virginia, Boone County, Missouri and Boone County, Kentucky. His name has long been synonymous with the American outdoors. For example, the Boone and Crockett Club was a conservationist organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt in 1887, and the Sons of Daniel Boone was the precursor of the Boy Scouts of America. Emergence as a legend: Boone emerged as a legend in large part because of John Filsons The Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boon, part of his book The Discovery, Settlement And present State of Kentucke. First published in 1784, Filsons book was soon translated into French and German, and made Boone famous in America and Europe. Based on interviews with Boone, Filsons book contained a mostly factual account of Boones adventures from the exploration of Kentucky through the American Revolution. However, because the real Boone was a man of few words, Filson invented florid, philosophical dialogue for this autobiography. Subsequent editors cut some of these passages and replaced them with more plausible- but still spurious- ones. Often reprinted, Filsons book established Boone as one of the first popular heroes of the United States.[29] Today there are schools named after Daniel Boone in Birdsboro Pennsylvania, Douglassville Pennsylvania, and Chicago Illinois. Like John Filson, Timothy Flint also interviewed Boone, and his Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone, the First Settler of Kentucky (1833) became one of the bestselling biographies of the 19th century. Flint greatly embellished Boones adventures, doing for Boone what Parson Weems did for George Washington. In Flints book, Boone fought hand-to-hand with a bear, escaped from Indians by swinging on vines (as Tarzan would later do), and so on. Although Boones family thought the book was absurd, Flint greatly influenced the popular conception of Boone, since these tall tales were recycled in countless dime novels and books aimed at young boys. Three American actors claim ancestry to Boone: singer Pat Boone, Richard Boone (1917-1981) of the CBS Have Gun, Will Travel television series, and Randy Boone, one of the regulars on NBCs western series, The Virginian. Fiction: Boones adventures, real and mythical, formed the basis of the archetypal hero of the American West, popular in 19th century novels and 20th century films. The main character of James Fenimore Coopers Leatherstocking Tales, the first of which was published in 1823, bore striking similarities to Boone; even his name, Nathaniel Bumppo, echoed Daniel Boones name. As mentioned above, The Last of the Mohicans (1826), Coopers second Leatherstocking novel, featured a fictionalized version of Boones rescue of his daughter. After Cooper, other writers developed the Western hero, an iconic figure which began as a variation of Daniel Boone.[35] In the 20th century, Boone was featured in numerous comic strips, radio programs, and films, where the emphasis was usually on action and melodrama rather than historical accuracy. These are little remembered today; probably the most noteworthy is the 1936 film Daniel Boone, with George OBrien playing the title role. Audiences of the baby boomer generation are more familiar with the Daniel Boone television series, which ran from 1964 to 1970. In the popular theme song for the series, Boone was described as a big man in a coonskin cap, and the rippinest, roarinest, fightinest man the frontier ever knew![36] This did not describe the real Daniel Boone, who was not a big man and did not wear a coonskin cap. Boone was portrayed this way because Fess Parker, the tall actor who played Boone, was essentially reprising his role as Davy Crockett from an earlier TV series. That Boone could be portrayed as a Crockett, another American frontiersman with a very different persona, was another exam ple of how Boones image could be reshaped to suit popular tastes.[37] References: Atterbury Spraker, Hazel. The Boone Family. Originally published Rutland, Vermont 1922, reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, 1974, 1977, 1982; ISBN 0-8063-0612-2. A Genealogical History of the Descendants of George and Mary Boone who came to America in 1717, Also a biographical sketch of DANIEL BOONE, the pioneer. Bakeless, John. Daniel Boone: Master of the Wilderness. Originally published 1939, reprinted University of Nebraska Press, 1989; ISBN 0-8032-6090-3. The definitive Boone biography of its era, it was the first to make full use of the massive amount of material collected by Lyman Draper. Draper, Lyman. The Life of Daniel Boone, edited by Ted Franklin Belue. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1998; ISBN 0-8117-0979-5. Belues notes provide a modern scholarly perspective to Drapers unfinished 19th century biography, which follows Boones life up to the siege of Boonesborough. Elliott, Lawrence. The Long Hunter: A New Life of Daniel Boone. New York: Readers Digest Press, 1976; ISBN 0-88349-066-8. Faragher, John Mack. Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer. New York: Holt, 1992; ISBN 0-8050-1603-1. The standard scholarly biography, examines both the history and the folklore. Jones, Randell. In the Footsteps of Daniel Boone. Blair: North Carolina, 2005. ISBN 0-89587-308-7. Guide to historical sites associated with Boone. Lofaro, Michael. Daniel Boone: An American Life. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2003; ISBN 0-8131-2278-3. A brief biography, previously published (in 1978 and 1986) as The Life and Adventures of Daniel Boone. Research Papers on Daniel Boone; a HistoryPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Spring and AutumnEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

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Contrast and compare occupational therapist and registered nurse - Essay Example A Registered Nurse (RN), on the other hand is a professional qualified to perform health care and practice nursing through assessment, planning and implementation of the required level of nursing for the sick and injured. While therapists concentrate more on physical rehabilitation, disabilities in learning and improving mental health, registered nurses are widely associated with the care, medication and health maintenance of a patient. â€Å"Nurses do a lot of chores that occupational therapists don’t have time for. This includes feeding, bathing, administering oral, subcutaneous, injectable and IV medications (Gavin R, 2008). Gavin R (2008), a retired nurse, also pointed out that nurses tend to the cleaning of wounds, console and comfort the patients and are a vital cog in medical emergencies. They can also assist the surgeons if there is a need. They keep all lengthy records and progress reports and also influence charting down of treatment and progress plans. Gavin (2008) further emphasised that a therapist’s job is not that easy but it does not contain the variations that a nursing job has; a therapist normally devises rehabilitation plans on the basis of well-known methods. Nursing is mainly controlled and regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) in the UK. It lays down all of the things that a person needs to do to qualify as a registered nurse and stay registered. To work as a registered nurse, the person must complete an education program that is recognized by NMC and meet the required standard proficiency level. This includes completing a degree or a diploma from a university offering a course in the chosen speciality. This leads to an academic award and professional registration as a 1st level registered nurse. These courses are normally three to four years long and are a 50/50 split between learning in university, and practicing patient care in a hospital or community

Great Gatsby (FS Fitzgerald), Passing (N Larson), and poems of Essay

Great Gatsby (FS Fitzgerald), Passing (N Larson), and poems of Langston Hughes - Essay Example But let us look again at the mountain.'(1) Larsen's second novel (The Passing) tells the story of two light skinned women: Irene Redfield and Clare Kendry. Clare Kendry is of mixed heritage, while Irene Redfield is fully African American but both are light enough to pass. Clare fully commits herself to passing and marries John Bellew, a white man who knows nothing of her heritage and affectionately and jokingly calls her "Nig" for her "tan" complexion. Irene lives in Harlem, commits herself to racial uplift, and marries a black doctor. The novel centers on the meeting of the two childhood friends later in life, and the unfolding of events as each woman is fascinated and seduced by the other's daring lifestyle. The novel traces a tragic path as Irene finds out about the affair between Clare and her husband and Clare's race is revealed to John Bellew. The novel ends with Clare's sudden death by "falling" out of a window. As for the Great Gatsby,Nick Carraway, a young man from Minnesota, moves to New York in the summer of 1922 to learn about the bond business. He rents a house in the West Egg district of Long Island, a wealthy but unfashionable area populated by the new rich, a group who have made their fortunes too recently to have established social connections and who are prone to garish displays of wealth. Nick's next-door neighbor in West Egg is a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby, who lives in a gigantic Gothic mansion and throws extravagant parties every Saturday night. Nick is unlike the other inhabitants of West Egg-he was educated at Yale and has social connections in East Egg, a fashionable area of Long Island home to the established upper class. Nick drives out to East Egg one evening for dinner with his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, an erstwhile classmate of Nick's at Yale. Daisy and Tom introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, a beautiful, cynical young woman with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship. Nick also learns a bit about Daisy and Tom's marriage: Jordan tells him that Tom has a lover, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the valley of ashes, a gray industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle. At a vulgar, gaudy party in the apartment that Tom keeps for the affair, Myrtle begins to taunt Tom about Daisy, and Tom responds by breaking her nose. As the summer progresses, Nick eventually garners an invitation to one of Gatsby's legendary parties. He encounters Jordan Baker at the party, and they meet Gatsby himself, a surprisingly young man who affects an English accent, has a remarkable smile, and calls everyone "old sport." Gatsby asks to speak to Jordan alone, and, through Jordan, Nick later learns more about his mysterious neighbor. Gatsby tells Jordan that he knew Daisy in Louisville in 1917 and is deeply in love with her. He spends many nights staring at the

The Limitations Of 4G

The Limitations Of 4G Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations that must be addressed. One major limitation is operating area. Although networks are becoming more ubiquitous, there are still many areas not served. Rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks. This limitation of todays networks will carry over into future generations of wireless systems. The hype that is being created by 3G networks is giving the general public unrealistic expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime communications. The public must realize that although high-speed data communications will be delivered, it will not be equivalent to the wired Internet at least not at first. If measures are not taken now to correct perception issues, 4G services are deployed, there may be a great deal of disappointment associated with the deployment of the technology, and perceptions could become negative. If thi s were to happen, neither 3G nor 4G may realize its full potential. Another limitation is cost. The equipment required to implement a next generation network is still very expensive. Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept realistic. Some issue expected with the implementation of 4G with multiple heterogeneous networks are issues such as; †¢ access, †¢ handoff, †¢ location coordination, †¢ resource coordination to add new users, †¢ support for multicasting, †¢ support for quality of service, †¢ wireless security and authentication, †¢ network failure and backup, and †¢ pricing and billing. Network architectures will play a key role in implementing the features required to address these issues. POSSIBLE ARCHITECTURES One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several different mobile and wireless networks. Figure 1 shows three possible architectures: using a multimode device, an overlay network, or a common access protocol. Multimode devices One configuration uses a single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access services on different wireless networks. Early examples of this architecture include the existing Advanced Mobile Phone System/Code Division Multiple Access dual-function cell phone, Iridiums dual function satellite-cell phone, and the emerging Global System for Mobile telecommunications/Digital Enhanced Cordless Terminal dual-mode cordless phone. The multimode device architecture may improve call completion and expand effective coverage area. It should also provide reliable wireless coverage in case of network, link, or switch failure. The user, device, or network can initiate handoff between networks. The device itself incorporates most of the additional complexity without requiring wireless network modification or employing interworking devices. Each network can deploy a database that keeps track of user location, device capabilities, network conditions, and user preferences. The handling of quali ty-of-service (QoS) issues remains an open research question. Overlay network In this architecture, a user accesses an overlay network consisting of several universal access points. These UAPs in turn select a wireless network based on availability, QoS specifications, and userdefined choices. A UAP performs protocol and frequency translation, content adaptation, and QoS negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users. The overlay Issues in network, rather than the user or device, performs handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to another. A UAP stores user, network, and device information, capabilities, and preferences. Because UAPs can keep track of the various resources a caller uses, this architecture supports single billing and subscription. Common access protocol This protocol becomes viable if wireless networks can support one or two standard access protocols. One possible solution, which will require interworking between different networks, uses wireless asynchronous transfer mode. To implement wireless ATM, every wireless network must allow transmission of ATM cells with additional headers or wireless ATM cells requiring changes in the wireless networks. One or more types of satellite-based networks might use one protocol while one or more terrestrial wireless networks use another protocol. QUALITY OF SERVICE Supporting QoS in 4G networks will be a major challenge due to varying bit rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation, fault-tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. QoS support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, user, and network levels. †¢ Packet-level QoS applies to jitter, throughput, and error rate. Network resources such as buffer space and access protocol are likely influences. †¢ Transaction-level QoS describes both the time it takes to complete a transaction and the packet loss rate. Certain transactions may be timesensitive, while others cannot tolerate any packet loss. †¢ Circuit-level QoS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls. It depends primarily on a networks ability to establish and maintain the end-to-end circuit. Call routing and location management are two important circuit-level attributes. †¢ User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type. The new location may not support the minimum QoS needed, even with adaptive applications. In a complete wireless solution, the end-to-end communication between two users will likely involve multiple wireless networks. Because QoS will vary across different networks, the QoS for such users will likely be the minimum level these networks support. End-to-End QoS Developers need to do much more work to address end-to-end QoS. They may need to modify many existing QoS schemes, including admission control,dynamic resource reservation, and QoS renegotiation to support 4G users diverse QoS requirements. The overhead of implementing these QoS schemes at different levels requires careful evaluation. A wireless network could make its current QoS information available to all other wireless networks in either a distributed or centralized fashion so they can effectively use the available network resources. Additionally, deploying a global QoS scheme may support the diverse requirements of users with different mobility patterns. The effect of implementing a single QoS scheme across the networks instead of relying on each networks QoS scheme requires study. Handoff delay Handoff delay poses another important QoS-related issue in 4G wireless networks. Although likely to be smaller in intranetwork handoffs, the delay can be problematic in internetwork handoffs because of authentication procedures that require message exchange, multiple-database accesses, and negotiation-renegotiation due to a significant difference between needed and available QoS. During the handoff process, the user may experience a significant drop in QoS that will affect the performance of both upper-layer protocols and applications. Deploying a priority-based algorithm and using location-aware adaptive applications can reduce both handoff delay and QoS variability. When there is a potential for considerable variation between senders and receivers device capabilities, deploying a receiver-specific filter in part of the network close to the source can effectively reduce the amount of traffic and processing, perhaps satisfying other users QoS needs. Although 4G wireless technology of fers higher bit rates and the ability to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues require further research and development. It is not clear if existing 1G and 2G providers would upgrade to 3G or wait for it to evolve into 4G, completely bypassing 3G. The answer probably lies in the perceived demand for 3G and the ongoing improvement in 2G networks to meet user demands until 4G arrives.

A Discussion of Heroism in Literature and Film Essay

Defining Heroism Each individual has their own personal definition of heroism or more specifically the characteristics of a true hero. Some may believe that a hero must be a person of high morals, while others may believe that a hero must a brave person, and yet others may believe that a hero can conceivably be a hero by chance and must not possess any specific qualities. Dictionary.com defines a hero or heroine as a person of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his or her brave deeds and noble qualities. The Greek philosopher Aristotle defined heroism in his book titled Poetics. According to Anthony Ubelhor, an instructor at the University of Kentucky, â€Å"Aristotle describes the tragic hero as a protagonist who is otherwise perfect except for a tragic or fatal flaw that eventually leads to his demise. In fact, an Aristotelian tragic hero must have four characteristics: goodness, superiority, a tragic flaw, and a realization of both his flaw and his inevitable demise†. However, it is important to note that different societies have different values, and the values of a society do change over time. These differences and changes will affect the concept of heroism. â€Å"Many people who may have been heroes during their time may not be looked upon as heroes today. Davy Crocket, for example, chased away the Indians, raped the land and killed animals. He might not be considered a hero today, but he was during another time in history† (Pendharkar). This author will attempt to define heroism while making an allowance for societal differences and changes. Therefore, this author’s definition of a hero or heroine is a person who performs a legal or ethical act that is of benefit to another entity without first considering any personal gain or  harm that may be received due to said act. In this author’s opinion, this definition means that a firefighter is a hero, a man who rescues abused animals is a hero, and a pimp who happens to catch a stumbling man and prevent him from falling in front of a moving bus is a hero. Of these three examples, the first two are what could be called the conventional types of hero, while the third is what this author believes to be an â€Å"accidental† hero. Examples of Heroism in Literature There are many examples of heroism in literature. Atticus Finch, a character in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, is viewed by many as a hero. In the novel, which takes place in Alabama during 1935, the lawyer Atticus Finch defends a black man accused of raping a white woman. The reader learns through the actions of Atticus Finch â€Å"what it means to behave morally – to do the right thing – in the face of tremendous social pressure. In short, To Kill a Mockingbird reveals the heroic nature of acting with moral courage when adhering to social mores would be far less dangerous† (Profiles in Courage). Nancy Drew is another example of heroism in literature. The character Nancy Drew appeared in several books written by Carolyn Keene. A young girl helping others by solving mysteries, Nancy Drew â€Å"came along in 1930 when girls needed a new kind of heroine, a perfectly groomed teenage sleuth at the wheel of a blue roadster — unflappable and brave in the face of a modern world full of dangers and mysteries† (Otto). A third hero in literature is Robin Hood, who has appeared in countless novels written by various authors. Robin Hood is often considered â€Å"the first hero of the common people of England† (Keen). He fought against the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham for the benefit of the residents who had been subjected to the evil deeds of the Sheriff. The tales of Robin Hood endorse the â€Å"old-fashioned virtues of altruism and swashbuckling heroism† (Roush). Father Merrin in William Peter Blatty’s novel The Exorcist is a fourth example of heroism in literature. In the novel, a young girl is possessed by demons. Father Karras enlists the help of Father Merrin in exorcising the demons from the girl. While performing the exorcism, the demons leave the  girl and possess Father Merrin. Realizing this, the priest jumps out the window to his death. In a classic example of heroism in the face of good versus evil, Father Merrin saves the girl by becoming possessed himself, and then gives his life in order to prevent the demons from leaving his body and entering another. Examples of Heroism in Film Examples of heroism in film are also numerous. However, they are a bit harder to identify, because many films are adapted from novels. For example, The Exorcist, mentioned above, was adapted to a 1973 film that won several awards, including Oscars and Golden Globes. One example of heroism in film is Batman. Originally appearing in comic books, the character Bruce Wayne takes on the identity of Batman in order to fight evil in Gotham City. In the original Batman film, as well as the sequels, Batman fights various evil characters, saves innocent people, and restores order in the city of Gotham. Neither Batman, nor Bruce Wayne, receives any form of compensation for, or personal benefit from, performing these heroic tasks. Buffy Summers from the film Buffy the Vampire Slayer is another example of heroism in film. Buffy discovers that she has been chosen to protect humanity by destroying evil vampires. She does not receive any compensation for her heroic acts. As a matter of fact, Buffy gives up the normal, teenage life that she would prefer in order to protect others. Continuing on this theme, the film was later adapted to television and was a popular series for seven seasons. Conclusion These examples of heroism in literature and film illustrate an important point. There is no list of required acts or characteristics that define a hero. Atticus Finch, Nancy Drew, Robin Hood, Father Merrin, Batman, and Buffy Summers are very different characters, and they are all heroic in different ways. In the end, each of these characters helped others without personal gain as a determining factor. http://voices.yahoo.com/a-discussion-heroism-literature-film-218006.html References â€Å"Hero.† Dictionary.com website. URL: http://Dictionary.reference.com/browse/hero Keen, M. â€Å"Robin Hood a Peasant Hero.† EBSCOhost database. URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9110210460&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live Otto, M. â€Å"Girl Sleuth and the Fountain of Youth; At 75, Nancy Drew Continues to Enchant Readers–and Now Academics, Too.† ProQuest database. URL: http://proquest.Umi.com/pqdweb?did=899780321&Fmt=3&clientId=65562&RQT=309&VName-PQD Pendharkar, L. â€Å"The Hero Chronicles.† The Heroism Project website. URL: http://www.heroism.org/decades.html â€Å"Profiles in Courage: Harper Lee’s to Kill a Mockingbird.† National Endowment for the Humanities EDSITEment website. URL: http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=525 Roush, M. â€Å"Rockin’ Robin.† TV Guide. Vol. 55, No. 9, p. 21. Ubelhor, A. â€Å"Fairy Tales, Myths & Other Archetypal Stories.† University of Kentucky website. URL: http://www.uky.edu/~aubel2/eng104/myth/essay2.html

Operating System common on the Internet Essay

This paper discusses the various types of operating systems that are commonly used for the internet. The paper explains the general meaning of the operating systems and then discusses the various types of operating systems which support the internet applications. An operating system is a software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the sharing of computer resources. Operating Systems provide a base software platform on top of which other programs called application programs can run. Operating systems enable user to interact with the computer systems by acting as an interface between users or the application programs and the computer hardware. The different operating systems available in the market offer a wide choice for the user. However, with the increasing internet usage, the choice of operating system greatly depends on how well the OS supports the activities of the internet based applications. The different operating systems provide different types of browsers to enable internet usage. Linux is the most popular operating system for the internet and is based on UNIX, just like the Mac OS X. Linux offers larger amount of free space and open source software and is more equipped than any of the other counterparts. Comparing the features of the various OS, Hughes states that one of the most important features of the Linux operating system is its set of internet clients and servers including mail, news, FTP, web as well as the proxy clients and servers. Owing to the range of Linux distributions to offer, Linux is easily customizable. The use of compatibility layers such as Wine, makes Linux attuned with the windows programs and hence a good choice for the internet. The system is less prone to viruses and hence more reliable, especially for the internet. The system is freely available and far less expensive. This advanced operating system is most popular and recommended for internet users. BSD operating systems are very similar to Linux operating systems and fully support internet access. Both Linux and BSD come with full functionality for regular dial-up, PPP-based, cable modem, and Ethernet connections. Sun Operating system, which is a part of Sun Microsystems Solaris, is yet another OS commonly used for internet networked applications (Linfo, 2004). Although not so commonly used, BSD and IRIX also considered as good operating systems for the internet applications. Linux is considered to be safer for web hosting servers. It is found to b more reliable, stable and efficient (Internet-Web Hosting). Microsoft Windows has been the most common operating system. The series of operating systems started with MS_DOS, Windows 95, Windows NT, XP and the now popular Windows Vista. Owing to the largest library of programs and applications, and the ease of hardware compatibility that it renders, Windows continues to be one of the commonly opted operating systems. However, considering the performance speed and security issues, Windows might not be the best choice for the internet. Windows operating system is prone to viruses and spy ware because of which it necessitates the installation and maintenance of the internet security software. Apple’s Mac OS X is the second most popular operating system based on UNIX. The OS is relatively simpler and more compatible. It offers many advanced features along with an intuitive interface. Mac OS X supports second largest selection of software and is the most reliable operating system. Unlike the Windows Operating system, Mac OS X is not prone to virus or malware and is a better choice for the internet when compared to Windows for certain cases. However, the limited compatibility with the Apple hardware imposes a constraint on the system being used across the internet. Unlike the Windows, the Mac OS X does not require the frequent expenditure on the internet security software subscriptions and is thus less expensive as compared to the Windows. The choice of Operating Systems for running Internet applications primarily depends on the type of user. While Windows may be the choice of home and leisure users, Linux is generally used by professionals. Windows offers ease of use whereas Linux provides Security and Open source. References Hughes, P. , Operating Systems Comparison. Retrieved on April 14, 2009 from http://netshooter. com/linux/oscomp. html The Most Popular Operating Systems. 2004. Linux Information Project Retrieved on April 14, 2009 from http://www. linfo. org/operating_systems_list. html Internet-Web Hosting. Retreived on April 14, 2009 from http://www. internet-webhosting. com/whichplan. php

Saint Jerome A Concise Biography

Jerome (in Latin, Eusebius Hieronymus) was one of the most important scholars of the early Christian Church. His translation of the Bible into Latin would become the standard edition throughout the Middle Ages, and his viewpoints on monasticism would be influential over the centuries. Childhood and Education Jerome was born at Stridon (probably near Ljubljana, Slovenia) sometime around 347 C.E. The son of a well-off Christian couple, he began his education at home, then continued it in Rome, where his parents sent him when he was about 12 years old. Seriously interested in learning, Jerome studied grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy with his teachers, read as much Latin literature as he could get his hands on, and spent a great deal of time in the catacombs under the city. Toward the end of his schooling, he was formally baptized, possibly by the pope himself (Liberius). His Travels For the next two decades, Jerome traveled widely. In Treveris (present-day Trier), he became extremely interested in monasticism. In Aquileia, he became associated with a group of ascetics who congregated around Bishop Valerianus; this group included Rufinus, a scholar who translated Origen (a 3rd-century Alexandrian theologian). Rufinus would become Jeromes close friend and, later, his adversary. Next, he went on a pilgrimage to the East, and when he reached Antioch in 374, he became a guest of the priest Evagrius. Here Jerome may have written De septies percussa (â€Å"Concerning Seven Beatings†), his earliest known work. A Dream That Would Have a Profound Impact on Him In early spring of 375, Jerome became severely ill and had a dream that would have a profound impact on him. In this dream, he was hauled in front of a heavenly court and accused of being a follower of Cicero (a Roman philosopher from the first century B.C.), and not a Christian; for this crime, he was horribly whipped. When he woke up, Jerome vowed that he would never again read pagan literature -- or even own it. Soon after, he wrote his first critical interpretive work: a commentary on the Book of Obadiah. Decades later, Jerome would minimize the importance of the dream and disown the commentary; but at the time, and for years afterward, he would not read the classics for pleasure. A Hermit in the Desert Not long after this experience, Jerome set off to become a hermit in the desert of Chalcis in the hopes of finding inner peace. The experience proved to be a great trial: He had no guide and no experience in monasticism; his weak stomach rebelled against desert food; he spoke only Latin and was terribly lonely among Greek- and Syriac-speakers, and he was frequently plagued by temptations of the flesh. Yet Jerome always maintained he was happy there. He dealt with his troubles by fasting and praying, learned Hebrew from a Jewish convert to Christianity, worked hard to practice his Greek, and kept in frequent correspondence with the friends hed made in his travels. He also had the manuscripts hed brought with him copied for his friends and acquired new ones. After a few years, however, the monks in the desert became involved in a controversy concerning the bishopric of Antioch. A Westerner among Easterners, Jerome found himself in a difficult position and left Chalcis. Becomes a Priest but Doesnt Take on Priestly Duties He returned to Antioch, where Evagrius once again served as his host and introduced him to important Church leaders, including Bishop Paulinus. Jerome had developed a reputation as a great scholar and serious ascetic, and Paulinus wanted to ordain him as a priest. Jerome only agreed on the conditions that he be allowed to continue his monastic interests and that he would never be forced to take on priestly duties. Jerome spent the next three years in intensive study of the scriptures. He was heavily influenced by Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa, whose ideas about the Trinity would become standard in the Church. At one point, he traveled to Beroea where a community of Jewish Christians had a copy of a Hebrew text that they understood to be the original Gospel of Matthew. He continued to improve his understanding of Greek and came to admire Origen, translating 14 of his sermons into Latin. He also translated Eusebius Chronicon (Chronicles) and extended it to the year 378. Returns to Rome, Becomes Secretary to Pope Damasus In 382 Jerome returned to Rome and became secretary to Pope Damasus. The pontiff urged him to write some short tracts explaining the scriptures, and he was encouraged to translate two of Origens sermons on the Song of Solomon. Also while in the employ of the pope, Jerome used the best Greek manuscripts he could find to revise the Old Latin version of the Gospels, an attempt that wasnt entirely successful and, furthermore, wasnt very well received among the Roman clergy. While in Rome, Jerome led classes for noble Roman women -- widows and virgins -- who were interested in the monastic life. He also wrote tracts defending the idea of Mary as a perpetual virgin and opposing the idea that marriage was just as virtuous as virginity. Jerome found much of the Roman clergy to be lax or corrupt and did not hesitate to say so; that, along with his support of monasticism and his new version of the Gospels, provoked considerable antagonism among the Romans. After the death of Pope Damasus, Jerome left Rome and headed to the Holy Land. The Holy Land Accompanied by some of the virgins of Rome (who were led by Paula, one of his closest friends), Jerome journeyed throughout Palestine, visiting sites of religious importance and studying both their spiritual and archaeological aspects. After a year he settled in Bethlehem, where, under his direction, Paula completed a monastery for men and three cloisters for women. Here Jerome would live out the rest of his life, only leaving the monastery on short journeys. Jeromes monastic lifestyle did not keep him from getting involved in the theological controversies of the day, which resulted in many of his later writings. Arguing against the monk Jovinian, who maintained that marriage and virginity should be viewed as equally righteous, Jerome wrote Adversus Jovinianum. When the priest Vigilantius wrote a diatribe against Jerome, he responded with Contra Vigilantium, in which he defended, among other things, monasticism and clerical celibacy. His stand against the Pelagian heresy came to fruition in the three books of Dialogi contra Pelagianos. A powerful anti-Origen movement in the East influenced him, and he turned against both Origen and his old friend Rufinus. Latin Translation of the Bible and The Vulgate In the last 34 years of his life, Jerome wrote the bulk of his work. In addition to tracts on monastic life and defenses of (and attacks on) theological practices, he wrote some history, a few biographies, and many biblical exegeses. Most significantly of all, he recognized that the work hed begun on the Gospels was inadequate and, using those editions considered most authoritative, he revised his earlier version. Jerome also translated books of the Old Testament into Latin. While the amount of work he did was considerable, Jerome didnt manage to make a complete translation of the Bible into Latin; however, his work formed the core of what would become, eventually, the accepted Latin translation known as The Vulgate. Jerome died in 419 or 420 C.E. In the later Middle Ages and Renaissance, Jerome would become a popular subject for artists, often depicted, incorrectly and anachronistically, in the robes of a cardinal. Saint Jerome is the patron saint of librarians and translators.